"Na tsani Constantinople (Istanbul) da kuma aikina mara amfani."
Haka wani wani Bayahude daga Odessa, mai aƙidar kafa ƙasar Yahudawa ya bayyana, game da zamansa a Istanbul, a lokacin rubuta kundin tarihinsa kimanin shekaru ashirin da biyar daga bisani. Da farko Juyin Juya Halin Matasan Turkawa na 1908 ya tsima shi, amma ƙarfin gwiwarsa ya koma takaici cikin hanzari domin ƙoƙarinsa a Istanbul ya gaza.
Vladimir Zeev Jabotinsky, wanda ya assasa aƙidar faɗaɗa zionism don kafa ƙasar Yahudawa, mai tsananin ra'ayin kishin ƙasa da ƙarin faɗaɗa wani ɓangare na kafa ƙasar Yahudawa, ya rayu a birnin mai jama'a mabanbanta tsakanin shekarar 1908 da 1910. Da farko ya je Istanbul ne a matsayin wakilin jaridar Saint Petersburg, Rassvyet (The Dawn). Ba a jima ba,sai ya zama mai ƙwazo wajen rubuce rubuce a sabuwar jarida da ake wallafawa kullum mai goyon bayan Matasan-Turkawa, Le Jeune Turc.
Kafin ya je Istanbul, tuni kungiyoyin kafa ƙasar Yahudawa da ke Turai suka san Jabotinsky kan gwagwarmayarsa mai tsanani a Russia. Bayan juyin juya halin, a matsayinsa na ɗan ƙungiyar Kafa Ƙasar Yahudawa Ta Duniya (WZO), Jabotinsky ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan Shugabannin daular Usmaniyya da su ƙyale a samar da matsugunin Yahudawa a Falasɗinu, yana bayyana hakan da cewa ya zo daidai da kishin ƙasa na daular Usmaniyya.
Amma wannan yunƙurin bai yi nasara ba domin daga Jabotinsky har WZO ba su iya musawa babu tantama ba, cewa da hannun ƴan aware a kafa matsugunin Yahudawa a Falasɗinu. Mahukuntan Daular ta Usmaniyya sun kalli hakan a matsayin barazana ga ƴancin cin gashin kai na Daular.
Sama da shekaru ɗari daga bisani, wannan yunƙurin da aka yi na samar da matsuguni a Falasɗinu da ya ci tura, ya zama sheda ta daɗaɗɗen burin kafa ƙasar Yahudawa a yankunan Turkiyya. Shugaban Turkiyya, Recep Tayyip Erdogan ya jaddada wannan batun kwanan nan, yana gargaɗin cewa "ƙasar gado" da masu aƙidar kafa ƙasar Yahudawa ke yaudarar kansu a kanta, wata rana za ta iya kai wa Isra'ila ta faɗaɗa mamayarta zuwa Turkiyya.
Jerin Editocin jaridar Razsvet a Saint Petersburg a shekarar 1912. Na Zaune: (D-H)1) Max (Mordecai) Soloveichik (Solieli), 2) Avraham Ben David Idelson, 3) Zeev Jabotinsky; Na tsaye: 1) Arnold Zeidman, 2) Alexander Goldstein, 3) Shlomo Gefstein. Inda aka samu: The David B. Keidan Collection of Digital Images from the Central Zionist Archives (via Harvard University Library)
Istanbul a matsayin mashiga zuwa Falasɗinu
Kafin Jabotinsky, Theodor Herzl ne ya fara yunƙurin diflomasiyyar na shawo kan daular Usmaniyya kan kafa matsugunin Yahudawa a ƙasar Falasɗinu. Amma, duk da kai ziyara da dama, haƙarsa ba ta cim ma ruwa ba saboda dogewa da Sultan ɗin daular Usmaniyya na wancan lokacin, Abdülhamid II ya yi. Bayan juyin juya halin shekarar 1908, jami'an kungiyar WZO sun ga haka a matsayin dama ta farfaɗo fafutikar kafa ƙasar Yahudawa a daular.
Jabotinsky, mutumin da ya fi dacewa ya gudanar da wannan sabon yunƙurin, ya riga ya wallafa jerin muƙaloli a wata jaridar Russia, yana bayyana wa ƴan Russia masu karanta rubutunsa abubuwan da ya lura da su game da daular Usmaniyya. A waɗannan rubuce rubucen, ya bayar da shawarar a goyi bayan jam'iyyar Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) da kuma wanzar da alaƙa mai ƙarfi tsakanin Yahudawan Sephardi da Turkawa.
Jabotinsky ya fahimci cewa Turkawan daular Usmaniyya ba sa tausaya wa game da samar da matsugunin Yahudawa a ƙasar Falasɗinu, galibi saboda ƙarancin fahimtarsu da tafiyar kafa ƙasar Yahudawa da kuma tsoron da suke da shi kan yiwuwar samar da Yahudawa ƴan aware. Ya yi imanin cewa samar da al'ummar Yahudawa a yankin Larabawa zai Iya amfanar shugabancin Turkiyya ta hanyar gauraya al'ummar Larabawa, daga nan sai a kassara mamayar da Larabawa suka yi.
Yayin da Jabotinsky ya iso Istanbul, wasu shugabannin tafiyar ta kafa ƙasar Yahudawa kamar Dr Victor Jacobson, tuni sun fara yin shimfiɗar diflomasiyya. Jacobson, shugaban asusun Anglo-Palestine Company reshen Istanbul - wanda aka yi wa rigista a nan a matsayin Anglo-Levantine Banking Company - yana ta ƙoƙarin buɗe ofishin ƙungiyar masu fafutikar kafa ƙasar Yahudawa na farko a birnin. Wannan ofishin yana da hadafin tattaro goyon baya wa tafiyar kafa ƙasar Yahudawa daga gwamnati da jama'a, musamman a yankunan da Yahudawa ke da yawa kamar Salonica da Izmir.
Falasɗinawa sun taru a wajen Grand Serai na Jaffa, ginin da ya ƙunshi ofis ofis ɗin ƙaramar hukuma,domin gudanar da bukin juyin juya halin da matasan Turkawa suka yi a Istanbul.(Wasif Jawharriyah collection)
Farfagandar masu aƙidar kafa ƙasar Yahudawa
A wajen taron WZO na watan Agustan shekarar 1909, an kafa wani kwamiti da zai lura da harkokin ƴan jarida na masu fafutikar kafa ƙasar Yahudawa a daular Usmaniyya. Ranar 4 ga watan Agusta shekarar 1909, an ƙaddamar da jaridar Le Jeune Turc, wacce jami'an tafiyar kafa ƙasar Yahudawa kamar David Wolfsohn, shugaban WZO na biyu da Dr Victor Jacobson suka ɗau nauyi.
Waɗanda suka fi fice daga cikin masu rubutu a jaridar sun haɗa da Jabotinsky, da babban editanta Celal Nuri Ileri, da kuma fitattun mutane kamar Ahmet Agaoglu da kuma Moiz Cohen (daga baya aka shi a matsayin Munis Tekin Alp). Tun ƙaddamar da ita, Le Jeune Turc ba ta taƙaita da kasancewa jarida ba kaɗai, har ila yau, kuma ta kasance wajen ganawar ƴan bokon Turkawa da Yahudawa, inda Jabotinsky ke gabatar da jawabai masu tallata farfagandar masu aƙidar kafa ƙasar Yahudawa.
A farko farkonta, jaridar ta yi nasara. Wasu ƴan bokon Daular Usmaniyya suna kallon fafutikar kafa ƙasar Yahudawa a matsayin wata ƙaramar fafutika kuma tawagar ɗaukar mataki a faɗin Turai.Saboda wannan dalilin, sun goyi bayan masu aƙidar kafa ƙasar Yahudawa a rikicinsu da Alliance Israelite Universelle, wadda suke kallo a matsayin ƴan kanzagin mulkin mallakar Faransa. A wancan lokacin, tafiyar kafa ƙasar Yahudawa ba ta tallata asalin kowace ƙasar Turai mai mulkin mallaka ƙarara.
Amma a cikin al'ummar Yahudawa a daular Usmaniyya, yanayin ya fi zama mai sarƙaƙiya. Banban limamin addinin yahudanci Rabbi Naim Hahum ya yi adawa da masu fafutikar kafa ƙasar Yahudawa, saboda sun goyi bayan abokin hamayyarsa, Rabbi Yaakov, lokacin zaɓuɓɓukan manyan limaman addinin yahudanci na shekarar 1909. Duk da haka, da dama daga cikin ƴan majalisar dokokin daular Usmaniyya, da suka haɗa da Emmanuel Carasso, Nissim Mazliah, da kuma Nissim Russo, sun fi tausayawa.
Waɗannan ƴan majalisar dokokin sun yi ƙoƙarin nuna cewa tafiyar kafa ƙasar Yahudawa ba ta da wani burin warewa, a maimakon haka suna siffanta shi da cewa ya dace da kishin ƙasa na daular Usmaniyya. Har jawabi Munis Tekin Alp ya yi a Babban Taron Masu Fafutikar Kafa Ƙasar Yahudawa na shekarar 1909 a Hamburg, yana jaddada dangantaka tsakanin aƙidar kafa ƙasar Yahudawa da buƙatun daular Usmaniyya.
Amma dai, Jabotinsky bai gamsu da tafiyar hawainiya da cigaban muradun masu aƙidar kafa ƙasar Yahudawa ke yi a Daular ba, yana imani da cewa tafiya sannu sannun na disashe asalin hadafin - kafa matsugunin Yahudawa a ƙasar Falasɗinu.
An kafa rundunar dakarun kafa ƙasar Yahudawa a watan Maris na shekarar 1915 sannan ta zama tsararriyar rundunar yaƙi ta Yahudawa ta farko a cikin shekaru 2000.(Public domain)
Fafutika Na Gaba Da Nasara A Hankali
Da yake tuna takaicinsa game da matasan Turkawa, Jabotinsky daga bisani ya rubuta a kundin bayanansa cewa, "Ban yi nasara a wajen Nazim Bey ba, Babban Sakataren jam'iyar Matasan Turkawa ba... Na ji cewa babu wani matsin lamba da zai taimaka: a wajensu, nashewa gabaɗaya sharaɗi ne na wajibi a kan wannan shirmen wato ƙasarsu; kuma a aƙidar kafa ƙasar Yahudawa babu wani buri da ya wuce halaka wannan shirmen.'
Taƙaddamarsa da WZO gami da rashin yardar da ya yi wa Jam'iyyar Matasan Turkawa da kuma ƙin jinin ƙasashen Gabashin duniya da ya yi su suka yi sanadiyar ya yi murabus da kuma sallamar shi daga aiki a shekarar 1910. Yanayin gwagwarmayar Jabotinsky ta ingiza shi ya ɗauki ƙarin tsauraran matakai, har da shiga rundunar sojin Birtaniya domin ya yaƙi Daular Usmaniyya.
A shekarar 1914, yayin da yake aiki a matsayin mai aiko da rahotanni a fagen yaƙi a Masar, Jabotinsky ya fara haɗo kan ƴan sa-kai domin kafa rundunar sojin Yahudawa, runduna mai zaman kanta dabam da WZO. Tare da Joseph Trumpeldor, Pinhas Rutenberg, and Meir Grossman, ya kama ƙafa kan rundunar sojin Yahudawa ta goyi bayan Birtaniya a yaƙin.
Amma, a maimakon yin yaƙi kai tsaye a Falasɗinu, Birtaniya ta miƙa su a hannun rundunar sojin Isra'ila, wata runduna a yaƙin Canakkale. Wannan al'amari zai zo daga baya ya jawo Jabotinsky ya tsani Birtaniya, abin da daga ƙarshe ya yi sanadiyar ƙirƙiro ƙungiyar ƴan ta'adda ta Irgun.
A shekarar 1925, Jabotinsky ya kafa Kungiyar Ƴan awaren Masu Fafutikar Kafa Ƙasar Yahudawa Ta Duniya s birnin Paris, da hadafin sauya manufofin kafa ƙasar Yahudawa, amma dai ba ginshiƙinta ba. Tare da wannan, ya kafa ƙungiyar matasa ta Betar (Brit Trumpeldor), da helkwatarta a Riga.
Duk da rashin nasararsa a Istanbul, Jabotinsky ya sheda faɗuwar Daular Usmaniyya a rayuwarsa da kuma samun nasarar farfagandarsa ta kafa ƙasar Yahudawa. A shekarar 1933, shekaru 15 kafin kafa ƙasar Isra'ila, sababbin jini na matasan Yahudawa a Turkiyya - zuriyar waɗanda suka taɓa nisanta kansu da aƙidar kafa ƙasar Yahudawa, sun ƙaddamar da reshen Istanbul na Kungiyar Betar, wacce ya kafa.
Fatih Semsettin Isik mataimakin mai bincike ne a Cibiyar Bincike Ta Tashar TRT World. Kafin nan, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai taimakawa wajen bincike sannan jami'in tsare-tsare na kafofin sada zumunta na Al Sharq Forum. Yana da shedar karatu ta digirin farko a fannin kimiyyar siyasa daga Jami'ar Bilkent da kuma digiri na biyu a fanni iri ɗaya daga jami'ar Sehir ta Istanbul da jami'ar Tsakiyar Turai. Abubuwan da yake bincike a kai sun haɗa da siyasar isra'ila,da dangantaka tsakanin Tarayyar Turai da Yankin Gabas Ta Tsakiya, da siyasar Turkiyya da kuma rawar da mazauna ƙasashen waje ke takawa wajen gudanar da hulɗoɗin ƙasashen waje.
Disclaimer: The views expressed by the author do not necessarily reflect the opinions, viewpoints and editorial policies of TRT Afrika.
