Daga Zeynep Conkar
Isra'ila na daga cikin kasashe biyar masu fitar da gogaggen lu'ulu'u duk da rashin albarkatun lu'u-lu'u nata na kanta.
Ta yaya hakan ke aiki?
Wani rahoto na Kimberley Process—wani shiri na duniya na hana "lu’ulu’un jini" shiga kasuwa—ya bayyana cewa shida daga cikin manyan kasashe goma masu samar da lu’u-lu’u na Afirka ne, inda har yanzu yankuna da dama ke fama da rikici kan yankuna masu arzikin lu’u-lu’u.
A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, Isra'ila ta ƙara fadada kasancewarta a Afirka ta hanyar sabbin saka hannun jari kuma ta sami riba sosai daga ma'adinan lu'u-lu'u na Afirka.
Kasuwancin da take yi don sayen kayan yaƙi na soji, ana zargin kamfanonin Isra'ila da ke da alaƙa da sojoji sun sami damar yin amfani da lu'u-lu'u da sauran ma'adanai a farashi mai muhimmanci, wanda ke taimaka wa masana'antar lu'u-lu'u ta Isra'ila bunƙasa.
A sakamakon haka, masana'antar lu'u-lu'u ta Isra'ila tana da hannu dumu-dumu a cinikin lu'u-lu'u na jini—kasuwancin da ke cike da wahalar ɗawainiyar miliyoyin mutane.
An bullo da kalmar "lu'u lu'un jini" ne saboda nuna yadda ake amfani da kasuwancinsa wajen take hakkin bil'adama a duniya, musamman a kasashen Afirka da ke fama da yaƙe-yaƙe.
Batun lu'u-lu'u na jini da kuma hako ma'adanai masu daraja ba bisa ka'ida ba a yankunan da ake fama da rikici irin su Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango (DRC) ya kasance cikin rubuce-rubuce a cikin shekaru da dama, in ji Habibu Djuma, wani mai bincike a Cibiyar Koyarwa da Horar da Harkokin Kasuwanci ta Afirka (AKEM).
"Waɗannan ma'adanai galibi ana hako su ne a cikin yanayi na tashin hankali, tare da amfani da ribar da ake samu don tallafa wa ƙungiyoyi masu ɗauke da makamai da ke taimakawa wajen tsawaita rikici," in ji Djuma.
DRC tana fama da kungiyoyi da dama masu dauke da makamai, musamman a yankunan gabashin kasar, musamman kungiyar M23, wadda ke da karfi a lardin Kivu ta Arewa, tare da wasu bangarori na lardin Ituri da Kudancin Kivu, a cewar Espoir Ngalukiye, wani mai fafutukar siyasa a DRC.
“Wadannan kungiyoyi masu dauke da makamai sun yi ƙaurin suna wajen take hakkin dan'adam da suke yi. Suna da hannu cikin tashe-tashen hankula da suka hada da kashe fararen hula da cin zarafi ta hanyar jima'i, suna aikata laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama da dama," in ji Ngalukiye.
Waɗannan lu'u-lu'u suna rura wutar yaƙin basasa kuma suna ba da gudunmawa ga yaɗuwar wahala, musamman a ƙasashe kamar Saliyo, Angola, da Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Cango.
“Lu’u lu’u da ke dabaibaye da rikice-rikice, wanda kuma aka fi sani da lu’ulu’u na jini, lu’ulu’u ne da ake haƙowa a wuraren da ake yaƙi ana sayar da su don samun kudin shiga ga masu tayar da kayar baya da shugabannin yaki, ko kuma sojojin mamaya.
"Al'ummar duniya, ta hanyar tsarin tabbatar da tsarin Kimberley, sun dauki matakan daƙile kwararar wadannan lu'u-lu'u, amma duk da haka, haramtacciyar cinikayya ta ci gaba, musamman a yankunan da ake rikici kamar DRC," in ji Djuma.
Djuma ya ambaci cewa, alal misali, Uganda da Ruwanda, a tarihi suna da hannu wajen fasa ƙwaurin ma'adanai daga DRC, kuma kasashen biyu suna da alaka ta diflomasiyya da tsaro da Isra'ila.
"A cikin wannan yanayin, tasirin Isra'ila ba lallai ba ne ya kasance a bayyane. Madadin haka, yana iya yin aiki ta hanyar masu zaman kansu, kasuwanci, ko hanyoyin sadarwar sirri waɗanda ke cin gajiyar rashin zaman lafiya a yankin, ”in ji Djuma.
Tuhumar shigar da lu'u-lu'u ba bisa ka'ida
A shekara ta 2009, kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya zargi Isra'ila da shigar da lu'u-lu'u ba bisa ka'ida ba daga Afirka, musamman daga Ivory Coast da Saliyo.
'Yan kasuwar Isra'ila sun shiga cikin ayyukan rashin da'a kamar cin hanci da kuma fitar da albarkatun kasa ba bisa ka'ida ba, wadanda ke haifar da tashin hankali a yankunan da ake samar da lu'u-lu'u.
Duk da kudurorin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya daga karshen shekarun 1990 da nufin hana lu'u lu'u lu'u-lu'u don ba da tallafin yaki, da alama Isra'ila na ci gaba da cin gajiyar wannan ciniki.
Masana'antar ta kwashe shekaru da yawa ba wai kawai tana wawashe albarkatu masu tarin yawa a Afirka ba har ma da taimakon agaji da kashe-kashen da Isra'ila ke yi wa Falasdinawa fararen hula da mamaye yankunan Falasdinawa ba bisa ka'ida ba.
Dala biliyan 1 ga sojojin mamaya na Isra'ila
A cewar Djuma, Isra'ila ta dade tana aiki a matsayin muhimmiyar cibiya a masana'antar lu'u-lu'u ta duniya, tare da yawancin tattalin arzikinta da ke da alaƙa da ayyuka kamar yankan lu'u-lu'u da goge shi da kuma cinikinsa.
DRC tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu samar da lu'u-lu'u a duniya. Tana da kusan kashi 15 cikin 100 na lu'u-lu'un da ake samar wa a duniya, musamman ta hanyar haƙar ma'adinai.
A cikin 2020, DRC ta samar da kimanin lu'u-lu'u mai nauyin karat miliyan 12, wanda ya sa ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu samarwa.
A cikin 2023, DRC tana da kashi 12 cikin 100 na lu'u-lu'un da ake samarwa a duniya, wanda ya sa ta zama ƙasa ta huɗu mafi girma a harkar samar da lu'u-lu'u a duniya.
"Yayin da ake da iyakantacciyar shaida ta kai tsaye da ke haɗa masu ruwa da tsakin Isra'ila da rikicin fannin lu'u-lu'u a DRC, wasu rahotanni sun nuna cewa kamfanoni da mutane na Isra'ila sun amfana daga samun damar shiga yankunan rikici ta hanyar yin amfani da dangantaka a cikin kasashe makwabta."
Wajen musayar lu'u-lu'u na Isra'ila da ke Ramat Gan kusa da birnin Tel Aviv, na taka muhimmiyar rawa a cinikin lu'u-lu'u na duniya, inda aka ƙware wajen ƙera da goge lu'u-lu'u da sauran duwatsu masu daraja.
Ya zuwa shekarar 2011, kudaden shiga daga wannan masana'antar ya kai kashi 30 cikin 100 na yawan kudin shigar da kasar ke samu.
A cikin 2014 kadai, cinikin lu'u-lu'u da aka yi a Isra'ila ya kai dala biliyan 9.2. A cikin 2023, lu'u-lu'un da Isra'ila ke fitarwa ya ba da gudunmawa sosai ga tattalin arzikinta, musamman a ɓangaren “abubuwa masu daraja," wanda ya kai kashi 12.3 na jimillar kayayyakin da kasar ke fitarwa.
Wani abin lura kuma shi ne, masana'antar lu'u-lu'u na ba da gudunmawar kusan dala biliyan 1 kowace shekara ga Ma'aikatar Tsaron Isra'ila, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama babbar hanyar samar da kudade ga Isra'ila na mamaye yankunan Falasdinawa ba bisa ƙa’ida ba.
An bayar da rahoton cewa, yawancin wadanda ke da hannu a wannan ciniki, tsoffin janar-janar na sojojin Isra'ila ne da kuma jami'an Mossad, wadanda suka koma cinikin makamai, inda suke amfani da ribar da suke samu wajen gina matsugunan Isra'ilawa a yankunan Falasdinawa.
A cewar Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Isra'ila, fitar da lu'u-lu'u ya kai dala biliyan 13 a shekarar 2006, inda Amurka ke aiki a matsayin babbar abokiyar ciniki a Isra'ila, wanda ya kai kashi 63 cikin 100 na wadannan kayayyakin da ake fitarwa zuwa kasashen waje.
A shekarar 2020, Isra'ila ta fitar da lu'u-lu'un da darajarsu ta kai dalar Amurka biliyan 7.5, abin da ya sa ta kasance kasa ta shida a duniya wajen fitar da lu'u-lu'u.
A cikin 2022, gogaggen lu'u-lu'un da aka fitar daga Isra'ila ya kai kusan dala biliyan 9.16, wanda ke nuna karuwa sosai daga dala biliyan 6.91 a shekarar 2021.
Kasar ta fitar da kimanin karat miliyan 2.26 na gogaggen lu'u-lu'u a shekarar 2022, a kan matsakaicin farashin dala 4,058 kan kowane karat, wanda hakan ya sa ta kasance cikin manyan masu fitar da dutsen a duniya.
Wannan alaƙar mai sarkakiyar da ke tsakanin cinikin lu'u-lu'u da masana'antar ƙera makamai ta Isra'ila kuma tana da nasaba da tallafi wa ayyukan gina matsugunan Yahudawa a Birnin Kudus da kuma yankunan Falasdinawa da ta mamaye.
Wani fitaccen mutum a cikin wannan hanyar sadarwa mai cike da cece-kuce shi ne Lev Leviev, wani hamshakin attajirin Bayahude ɗan asalin kasar Rasha wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin jami’i a rundunar sojin Isra’ila kafin ya zama babban mai taka rawa a masana’antar lu’u-lu’u ta duniya.
Ana zargin Leviev da iyalansa da safarar lu'u-lu'un da darajarsa ta kai dalar Amurka miliyan 18 ba bisa ka'ida ba zuwa Isra'ila, kuma suna da hannu dumu-dumu wajen ba da tallafin ayyukan gina matsugunan Yahudawa a Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan ta hannun Asusun Filaye na Isra'ila, wata cibiya mai alaka da kungiyoyin masu tsattsauran ra'ayi.
Tare da kaso mai yawa na waɗannan ribar da ke shiga ayyukan soji da gina matsugunai, ci gaba da cin gajiyar albarkatun Afirka da Isra'ila ke yi ta hanyar cinikin lu'u-lu'u ya haifar da suka kan haƙƙin ɗan’adam da kuma ɗabi'a.
Manyan masu cin hanci a Isra’ila
Benny Steinmetz, wani fitaccen dan kasuwan Isra'ila, shi ma ya tsunduma cikin cece-kucen da suka shafi cinikin lu'u-lu'u na Afirka.
An kama Steinmetz a Cyprus ta Girka a shekarar 2023, ya fuskanci shari'o'i da dama kan sa hannunsa cikin ayyukan cin hanci da rashawa a sassan ma'adinai na Afirka.
A shekarar 2021, an yanke masa hukunci a kasar Switzerland bisa laifin biyan cin hancin dalar Amurka miliyan 8.5 don tabbatar da hakkin hako ma'adinai a Guinea, musamman ta hanyar biyan matar shugaban kasar Lansana Conté.
Kamfaninsa, BSG Resources, ya kasance ana danganta shi da wasu yarjejeniyoyin da ba za a taba mantawa da su ba a kasashe irin su Jamhuriyar Dimokradiyyar Kongo (DRC), inda ya yi amfani da albarkatun kasa don samun riba.
Dangantakar Steinmetz ta zarce Afirka. Kamfanin nasa babban mai sayar da kayayyaki ne na Tiffany & Co. kuma an bayar da rahoton cewa yana goyon bayan sojojin Isra'ila, musamman Givati Brigade, wanda ake zargi da laifukan yaki a lokacin harin da Isra'ila ta kai a Gaza a tsakanin 2008-2009.
Hakazalika, Wajen Musayar Lu'u-lu'u na Isra'ila, wani babban jigo a masana'antar lu'u-lu'u, ya tara kudade masu yawa don tallafa wa sojojin Isra'ila, musamman a lokacin harin Gaza na 2014.
Dan G, wani dan kasuwan Isra'ila, shi ma ya ja hankali game da batun cin hanci da rashawa da ya yi a cinikin lu'u-lu'u na Kongo.
"Akwai yuwuwar akwai alaka tsakanin Isra'ila da rikicin da ake fama da shi a Kongo. Dan Gertler, dan kasar Isra'ila, ya taba samun kwangiloli da dama da gwamnatin Kongo.
Wadannan kwangilolin sun shafi albarkatun ma'adinai daban-daban, ciki har da lu'u-lu'u da aka samo daga yankunan Kasai da Katanga," in ji Ngalukiye. Gertler ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen cin gajiyar albarkatun kasa na DRC.
A matsayinsa na na kusa da tsohon shugaban kasar Kongo Joseph Kabila, Gertler ya yi amfani da alakarsa wajen samun kwangilolin hakar ma'adinai masu tsoka a DRC. Gertler ya kafa IDI (International Diamond Industries) a ƙarshen shekarun 1990 kuma ya sami ikon yin ruwa da tsaki a harkar lu'u-lu'u na ƙasar.
Wannan mulkin mallaka ya bai wa Gertler damar yin amfani da albarkatun lu'u-lu'u na DRC, yana cin riba sosai daga dumbin arzikin ƙasar yayin da al'ummomin yankin ba sa samun wata fa'ida.
Karkashin tasirinsa, kasuwancin Isra'ila IDI-Congo ya mallaki kusan kashi 70 na ribar da ake samu daga hakar lu'u-lu'u, wanda ya bar gwamnatin Kongo da kashi 30 kawai.
Kamfaninsa, Gertler Group, ya haɗa hannu da kamfanonin haƙar ma'adinai mallakin gwamnati, sau da yawa suna kulla yarjejeniya a kan farashin da ya yi kasa da ƙimar kasuwa ta hanyoyin da ake shakka kamar cin hanci.
Ayyukansa a DRC a ƙarshe sun jawo hankalin Amurka ta sanya takunkumai saboda zarge-zargen cin hanci da rashawa da kuma kawo cikas ga zaman lafiyar ƙasar ta hanyar ba da gudunmawa ga cin gajiyar albarkatunta.
