Labarin kawar da cinikin bayi labari ne wanda da yawan masu karatu suka sani tun a makarantun karamar sakandire. Wato kawo karshen cinikin bayi wani babban abu ne a tarihin duniya, wanda aka ce malaman Kiristoci na Ingila ne suka jagoranta.
'Yan darikar Quakers manyan jagororin wannan yaki ne, inda malamansu kamar Granville Sharp da Thomas Clarkson suka soma yakin a Birtaniya, inda aka kai ga matakin kafa dokar haramta cinikin bayi da ake tsakanin Tekun Atlantic a shekarar 1807. Sannan, bayan kafa dokar, Birtaniya ta kuma jagoranci ayyukan jin-kan bayi.
Wannan labari yana nuna mana cewa Turawan Birtaniya ne suka tabbatar da kawo karshen bauta: wato kamfanin Birtaniya na sojan ruwa, Royal Naval West Africa Squadron, wanda yake birnin Freetown, shi ya yi ta sintiri a Tekun Atlantic, yana kamen jiragen cinikin bayi, yana 'yantar da su a Saliyo.
Amma kuma, kamar yadda yake faruwa a bayanan hukuma, wannan kauli gaba daya ya ki ambatar wani bangaren labarin.
Abin mamaki, an manta da tasirin 'yan Afirka a fafutukar kawar da cinikin bayi, ballantana kokarinsu na neman adalci kan zaluncin da aka yi.
Juyin juya-hali a Haiti
A shekarun baya-bayan nan, an samu kari kan yanayin fadin labarin. Da farko, ayyukan masana tarihi kamar James Walvin da Vincent Carretta sun taimaka wajen janyo hankali kan mutane bakake da suka yaki cinikin bayi, a Birtaniya, kamar Olaudah Equiano, wanda littafinsa kan bauta yake da muhimmancin ga wadanda suka yaki bauta na fari a Birtaniya, a shekarun karshen 1780.
Duk da haka, a 2007, yayin bikin tunawa da kafa dokar haramta cinikin bayi ta 1807, da yawa daga 'yan asalin Caribbean mazauna Birtaniya sun koka kan “Wilberfest”: wanda biki ne na tunawa da Hull MP William Wilberforce, wanda ya dauki nauyin kudurin dokar a majalisar dokokin Landan.
Bayan shekara 15, an fara samun guguwar masu neman daidaita tarihi, masu nuna cewa tarihin kawo karshen cinikin baya yana da fadi sosai, sama da yadda aka saba ji a hukumance.
Ba wai 'yan Afirka ne suka kawar da bauta ba, ta juyin juya-halin da suka yi a Haiti a (1791-1804) ba, akwai kokarinsu na shekaru daruruwa don yakar gonakin bautar da bakake.
Kuma sun jagoranci amfani da shari'a wajen yakar bauta, da neman diyya saboda mugun zaluncin da aka yi yayin cinikin bayi a Tekun Atlantika.
Aikin binciken kwakwaf
Sabon tarihin kawar da cinikin bayi ya nuna cewa ba a Landan yakin ya fara ba, a shekarun 1780s, amma ya fara ne tun karni daya kafin nan, a Vatican, a shekarar 1684.
Sunansa Dom Lourenço Mendonça da Silva, wanda ya shigar da kara a majalisar Propaganda Fide ta Vatican a wannan shekarar: wata kara ce da ta nemi haramta cinikin bayi da ke gudana kan tekun Atlantic.
Mendonça ya zo ne a matsayinsa na jagoran kungiyar African Catholic Religious Brotherhood a Lisbon.
Cikin shekaru 20 na gagarumin aikin binciken kwakwaf a ma'adanar tarihi da suke nahiyoyi uku, Nafafé ya bayyana a karon farko, yadda Mendonça ya zamo daya ne kawai daga cikin tarin mutane, saboda karar tasa ta samu goyon baya daga 'yan kungiyarsa ta addini, a fadin daular Portugal, da Angola da Brazil.
Mendonça ya jaddada cewa bauta ta saba wa dokar dabi'a, da ta dan-adam, da ta Allah.
Ya ba da hujja da ayyukan shari'a da ilimi da kwarewa, wanda ya samu a shekara hudu yana nazarin a arewacin Portugal, da shekara biyu da ya kwashe yana nazari a Toledo, wajen birnin Madrid.
Amma batunsa ya samu karfi daga sukar masu ganin rashin adalcin da Mendonça ya ji, sakamakon ganin duka bangarorin cinikin bayi na Atlantic: wato sojin Portugal da suka far wa kasar Angola, da zaluntar bayi 'yan kasar ta Angola, a arewa masu gabashin kasar Brazil (inda ya dan yi zama), da halatta wannan zaluncin a Portugal.
Kamar yadda 'yan Afirka suka fara shigar da kara kan haramta bauta, haka wani sabon littafi yake da muhimmanci kan neman shari'a ta hukunta biyan diyya a yau.
Wani sabon aiki ne na wata 'yar Brazil mazauniyar Amurka, kuma masaniyar tarihi, Ana Lucía Araujo.
Kakkarfan yunkuri
An fara buga littafin a 2016, sai bugu na biyu na littafinta game da neman diyya, ya bayyana fadin bayanan yadda 'yan Afirka da mutanen da ke da tsatson Afirka, suke ta faman kokarin shari'a don neman diyya.
Masu neman biyan diyya na farko-farko sun yi aiki a rabin shekarun karni na 19, na karshe, da kuma karni na 20 a Amurka.
Bayan yakin basasa (wanda ya kare a 1865) ya zamo mai muni ga tsaffin bayi, wanda suka tsinci kansu a kangin talauci, da nuna wariya – lokacin da masana tarihin Amurka suke kira zamanin “farfadowa”.
Zahirin abin da ya faru shi ne Amurka ta kara ruftawa cikin wariyar launin fata, – da dokokin wariya na Jim Crow, da kisan tsiraru, da kafa kungiyar kyamar bakake ta Klu Klux Klan – duka wani bangare ne na matsalar.
Dayan bangaren shi ne kungiyar masu fafutukar bakaken Amurka wadanda suka yi babban kira na a biya diyyar laifukan da aka yi a baya.
Daga nan sai Araujo ta nuna yadda lamura suke a halin yanzu, game da neman diyya, ya zuwa shekarun karni na 20.
Wannan batu ya kara girma bayan yakin Duniya na 2, da rashin adalcin da bakake Amurkawa da sojoji bakake suka fuskanta a Amurka, bayan sun yi yakin duniya na 2.
Gwagwarmayar neman hakki ta zamanin 1960, ta karfafa muradu manya wadanda kisan George Floyd da zanga-zangar da ta biyo baya suka kara fitowa da su fili.
Bugu da kari, hukumar neman diyyar Caricom ta samu karfi, wanda wani yunkuri ne sabo, kuma wani bangare ne na dadadden kokarin da 'yan Afirka suke neman adalci sakamakon kangin da suka sha a tarihi.
Marubucin, Toby Green, masanin tarihi na a jami'ar King’s College da ke Landan.
Togaciya: Ra'ayoyin da marubucin ya gabatar ba sa wakiltar ra'ayoyi da manufofin tashar TRT Afrika.
