Daga Seddiq Abou El Hassan
Ɗaya daga cikin batutuwa masu cike da rashin tabbas da aka naɗa a fim shi ne batun “ɓataccen matsugunin Roanoke”. Tun lokacin da aka gano fim ɗin farko kan kan lamarin da ya kai shekara 400 kimanin shekara goma da suka wuce, ko wace shekara ake fito da sabon shiri kan batun.
Wani taron masu bincike daga wata ƙungiyar da ke nazarin tarihi a North Carolina ya yi kiciɓis da wani kwafi na wani wasan kwaikwayo mai suna “The Lost Colony”, tare da wasu takardu masu alaƙa da shi.
Ƙarin sha’awa na kafafen watsa labarai kan matsugunin na Turancin Ingilisihi yana zuwa ne yayin da ake ƙara matsawa hanya ta gama-gari wajen binciken tarihin Amurka.
Da fitowar kayakkayin aikin fasahar zamani, karin bincike kan tarihin Amurka na daye fentinsa na fararen-fata kawai.
Ya kamata a bayyana cewa muhimman sassan koyar da tarihi na a Amurka suna ɗaukar matakai na samar da manhajar koyarwa bisa hujja, duk da ƙoƙarin da ake yi yanzu na kawo koma-baya ga daidaiton launin fata.
A wata siga ta warware labarin da ya karkata gefen Turai, masu raji kare hakkin al’umma uku sun ƙaddamar da “Hidden in Plain Site: Richmond” a shekarar 2020 “da zummar tayar da muhawara kan baƙaƙen-fata Amurkawa da ba a fiye mayar da hankali a kansu ba”.
Bisa irin nasarar da aka samu a baya, wasu abokanai sun shirya wani fim da ya haɗa da wurare 12 da aka yi watsi da su a Richmond ta hanyar amfani da kayayyakin aiki na fasahar zamani da kuma hanyoyin yadda haske ke aiki kan abubuwa.
Sakamakon wannan shi ne wani abu da ya ja hankalin jama’a har aka maimaita irinsa a kudu, a Roanoke Island.
Hidden in Plain Site Roanoke wanda aka ƙaddamar a watan Mayun shekarar 2023 yana ba da damar yawo ta intanet a cikin matsugunan Turawa na farko da aka samar a Arewacin Amurka, yana mai zaƙulo bayanai da ba za a mayar da hankali kansu ba daga cikin rayuwar al’ummar baƙaƙen-fata da kuma al’adunsu.
An tsara yawon ne “domin faɗakarwa tare da ilimantarwa yayin da ake sauya yadda ‘yan kama-wuri-zauna tare da baƙi ke ganin birnin Roanoke.” Amma wannan ya fi shirin sabuntawa na hoton 3D. Shirin ya bai wa zuri’ar ‘yan asalin Afirka damar sake rike gurbinsu a tarihin Amurka ta hanyar yabon kakanninsu da kuma jarumansu da ba a yaba wa ba.
Waɗanda suka shirya sun tara kuɗi, alal misali, wajen gina wurin tunawa da Henrietta Lacks, wata baiwa baƙar-fatar Amurka wadda ta ba da gudunmawa ba bisa son ranta ba wajen wata gagarumar nasara a binciken magani, kuma ta ba da damar samun doka kan sauyin ɗabi’a mai kyau a binciken kiwon lafiya.
Shirin Hidden Histories muhimmin bangare ne na aikin ƙarfafa agajin siyasa da kuma samar da kudi wa al’adun baƙaƙen-fata ‘yan Amurka, Hasali ma, neman a mutunta irin gudumwar da ‘yan asalin Afrika suka bayar yana kara samun karɓuwa.
Dalilin da ya sa yake samun karɓuwa na da alaƙa da shirye-shirye da yawa da suke ƙarfafa kasancewar ‘yan ƙasa tsiraru.
Sai dai kuma, zuri’ar ‘yan Moor da suka kama-wuri suka zauna, duk dadewarsu a Amurka ko kuma muhimmancin gudunmawar da suka bayar, sun bazu cikin sauran mutanen ta yadda ba za su iya bayyana kansu a matsayin wasu tsiraru da za a iya gani ba. Wannan shi ya sa ba a mayar da hanhkali kan irin dannann “al’ummomin da suka bazu” a siyarsa Amurka ba.
Jam’iyyar fararen-fata zalla?
Waɗanda suke da manhajar Binge kuma suka kalli dukan zangon shirin Jamestown sun yi murna a lokacin da suka ga yadda fararen-fatan da suke cikin shirin suka shawo kan dukkan ƙalubale a ƙoƙarinsu na cim ma kasa mai albarka.
Maimakon kogin madara da zuma, ‘yan kama wuri zaunan sun fuskanci adawa daga wasu mutane da ba sa son bayar da kasarsu cikin sauki.
Yayin da a cikin fim din Birtaniya na matsakaincin zango, aka bayyana ‘yan asalin Pamunkey a matsayin wasu mutane da suka nuna halin ko-in-kula ko kuma ma suka hada baki wajen karasasu.
Idan ba haka ba, zai zama abin da bacin ransa ya fi karfin abin da iyalai za su kalla. A bangaren Turawa kuma, yana da wuya a nuna baki, 'yan Moor ba sa nan.
Duk da haka, rubutaccen tarihin matsugunin al’ummar Roanoke ya nuna cewa abin ba haka yake ba.
Bayan kokarinsu na kaddamar da matsugunin turawan Ingilishi na farko a Amurka ya ci tura, wata tawaga ta biyu wadda dattijon Ingilishi Sir Walter Raleigh ya dauki nauyinta kakarshin jagorancin John White ta sauka ranar 22 ga wata Yuli na shekarar 1587 a tsibirin Roanoke Island (inda ake ce wa Outer Banks a yau).
Yayin da yake fatan kafa tushen tattalin arziki mai cin gashin kanta, White ya dauki turawan Ingilishi 120 (150 a wata majiyar) da kuma wasu bayi Musulmai da ba a san adadinsu ba.
Idan muka yi la’akari da bayin da shahararren baturen Ingilishi Francis Drake ya kawo Roanoke daga baya, ya kamata a kara adadin bayi Musulmai a matsugunin.
A ganin masanin addini dan Amurka, Umar Faruq Abd-Allah (wanda aka sa wa suna Wymann-Landgraf a lokacin da aka haife shi), Drake “ya kawo akalla Musulmai dari biyu (wadanda aka bayyana a matsayin Turkawa da ‘yan Moor) zuwa sabon matsugunin Turawan Ingilishi na Roanoke a gabar tekun North Carolina na yau.”
A gudunmawar da ya bayar wajen wani shiri mai suna “Tushen Musulunci A Amurka”, Dr. Abd-Allah ya tattara bayanan inda aka fara ambato taron Musulmai ko kuma kasancewar Muslmai daidaiku a Amurka cikin wurare sama da 170.
“Jim kadan kafin ya isa Roanoke, jerin jirage ruwan Drake da ya hada da jiragen ruwa talatin ya ‘yanta bayi Musulmai daga dakarun mulkin mallakan Sfaniya a yankin Caribbean. An garkame su a wahalar bauta na tura jiragen ruwa”, a cewarsa, yana mai saka labarin cikin siga na tarihin bautar da mutanen Moor wadanda Drake ya yi wa alkawarin kaiwa gabar tekun kasashen Musulmai.
“Bayanan tarihi sun nuna cewa Drake ya dauki alkawarin mayar da ‘yantattun bayi masu tura jiragen ruwan zuwa kasasashen Musulmai, kuma gwamnatin Ingilishi ta mayar da kimanin 100 daga cikinsu daular Ottoman”, a cewar malamin na addinin Islama.
“Sir Francis Drake ya ‘yanta daruruwan bayi bakake, maiyiwuwa akwai Musulmai cikinsu, a samamen da ya kai yankin in Caribbean a shekarar 1586. Masana tarihi da yawa sun ce ya sauke su a tsibirin Roanoke Island a lokacin da ya ceto mutanen da suka kasance maza zalla kuma sun gaurayu da ‘yan kabilar Angloquin na Carolina”, a wani bayanin da National Geographic ta gatabar.
“Boyayyu cikin boyayyu”
Rushewar Granada, daular Muslunci ta karshe a tsibirin Iberia, ta faru ne a shekarar da Columbus ya isa nahiyar Amurka. Yayin da wasu cikin mutanen Andalusia – Musulmai da Yahudawa – aka tilasat musu gudun hijira, an mayar da yawancinsu bayi.
Wadanda ake ce wa Moriscos ko kuma “sabbin kiristoci” an hana su dukiya da al’adunsu. Yayin da suke tserewa daga tozartarwa, da yawa daga cikinsu sun yi kokarin wucewa nahiyar Amurka a karni na 16 da kuma farkon karni na 17, a boye ta hanyar da ta dace da doka.
Moriscos na farko sun zo ne a matsayin bayi, a matsayin masu gadi ko kuma fursunoni da aka ware don yaki a cikin dakarun binciken Sifaniya.
Isowar Moriscos zuwa sabbin matsugunan ya kasance abun tashin hankali ga manyan Sfaniya wadanda suka dogara sosai a kansu a matsayin masu aiki da araha. Amma akwai wani abin lura na daban da ya sa ba sa son barin wadannan mutanen da suke da ilimi da kuma kwarewa.
Hukumomin Sifaniya sun yi kokarin hana fitowar ‘yan gwagwarmaya a matsugunan ta hanyar dakile sadarwa tsakanin bayinsu Musulmai da kuma ‘yan Asalin Amurka.
Bayan sun samu labarin kasancewar al’ummar da ke bin addinin Musulunci ba tare da tsagwama ba, wani limamin addinin kirista, Cardinal Francisco Jimenez de Cisneros da ya yi kaurin suna ya bayyana umarnin ga mabiyansa wajen dakile bin addinin Musulunci tare da hana dukkan Musulmi shiga nahiyar Amurka.
Kuma a shekarar 1501, sarakunan darikar katolika sun ba da umarnin ga gwamnan Indies, Nicholas de Obando, da ya “hana ‘yan Moor, da yahudawa, da masu akidun da ba a yarda da su ba, da wadanda suka bar addinin kirista da kuma sabbin karbar addinin shiga cikin Amurka”.
A watan Nuwamban shekarar 1587, John White ya koma Ingila cikin jirgi domin isar da sako ga sarki, yana mai daukar alwashin komawa nan ba da jimawa ba da sabbin kayayyakin amfanin yau da kullum. Sai dai wannan wani alkawari ne da ba zai iya cikawa ba cikin shekaru biyu, saboda an toshe hanyar ruwa doming yakin da ake gwambzawa tsakanin kasarsa da Sifaniya.
A lokacin da ya dawo, bai samu ko mutum daya a matsugunin ba, kuma bai ga wata alamar fada, wawason kaya ko kuma wani irin rikici ba. Abin da mutanen suka bari kawai su ne harrufan CRO da aka sassaka a jikin wata bishiya, lamarin da ya haifar da nazari da bayanai daban-daban.
Sama da shekara 400 bayan wannan, rashin tabbas kan “bataccen matsugunin” yana yawo a zukatan Amurkawa. Amma wannan bai haaɗda makomar ɗaruruwan mutanen Moor waɗanda aka tabbatar da kasancewarsu a labaran lokacin ba, amma kuma suka kasance ba sa cikin muhawara da kuma zane-zanen da ake fitarwa.
Duk da cewa an kamo hanya mai tsawo na tabbatar da kasancewa tare da gudumawar da bakaken fata ‘yan Amurka suka bayar, ta shirye-shirye irin su “Hidden in plain sight”, ‘yan Moor wadanda suke Amurka wasu kasance “ɓoyayyu cikin boyayyun da suke a fili”.
