Erasto Mpemba ya mutu a ranar 15 ga watan Mayu na 2023, ya na da shekaru 73 a duniya. Photo: Ben Tier

Daga Gaure Mdee

A farkon watan Mayu ne, duniya ta yi babban rashin wani fitaccen masanin kimiyya da ya kware kuma yake da baiwar yin bincike mai zurfi.

Masanin kimiyyar, dan asalin Tanzaniya Erasto Mpemba ya gudanar da wani bincike da ya gano cewa ruwan zafi “ko wani abu mai ruwa- ruwa’” yana saurin daskarewa fiye da ruwan da dama can ya ke da sanyi.

Tun bayan bayyanar binciken da Mpembe ya yi a shekarar 1963, an yi ta gudanar da bincike da muhara a tsawon shekaru da dama, lamarin da ya zama daya daga cikin binciken da ya fi daukar hankali a duniyar kimiyya.

A yanzu dai ana kiran bincike da tsarinsa da suna “Mpembe Effest”

"A duniyar kimiyya, Mpemba ya bayar da gudunmawa sosai," in ji Vincent Rehumbiza wani injiniyan kimiyyar sinadarai a Tanzaniya.

Yadda aka fara

A shekarar 1963 Erasto Mpemba, lokacin yana dalibi dan shekara 13 a wata makarantar sakandare a Tanzaniya, yana hada ayis kirim don ya sayar ya samu kudin kashewa.

Kamar mafi yawan lokuta a tarihin kimiyya, Mpemba bai bi tsarin da aka saba bi ba wajen hada ‘ice- cream’’ din, a lokacin da ya kamata ya jira madarar da ake hadawa ta wuce kafin ya sanyata cikin injin din da zai daskarar da ita ta zama ayis kirim.

A take ya yanke shawarar yin akasin haka inda ya sanya ayis kirim dinsa mai zafi a cikin firiza kuma cikin mamaki sai ya ga ya daskare da sauri fiye da na abokan karatunsa wadanda ke jira ta su ice cream din ta huce kafin su saka a cikin firiza.

Daga nan ne Mpemba ya sanar da malaminsa abin ban mamaki da ya gano amma malamin ya yi watsi da shi. Amma duk da haka dan karamin dalibin bai yi kasa a gwiwa ba.

Bayan kammala shekarun karatunsa, Mpemba ya ci gaba da gwada bincikensa kuma ko yaushe yana samun sakamako iri daya: ruwan zafi yana daskarewa da sauri fiye da ruwan sanyi.

Karin bincike da aka gudanar a dakin gwaje-gwajen a wata makaranta ta daban ya ba da sakamako iri daya da abin da Mpemba ya gano, lamarin da ya kara tabbatar da bincikensa.

An yi watsi da tambayoyin da ya yi ta yi wa malamansa da ake ganin a rude yake, ko kuma aljanu ne suka kama shi ko ma dai ya hadu daga wasu kurakurai ne.

Daga baya ya shiga makarantar sakandare ta Mkwawa da ke Iringa a Tanzania. A nan ne ya hadu da Denis Gordon Osborne, wani malamin kimiyyar lissafi da ya kawo ziyara daga Jami'ar Dar es Salam.

Mpemba ya gabatar da tambayarsa ga Farfesa Osborne wanda ya yarda da cancantar binciken kuma ya yi alkawarin ci gaba da gudanar da bincike akai.

Hakan ya haifar da hadin gwiwa tsakanin Mpemba da Osborne, da ya kai ga wallafa wani rahoto da aka yi wa take da "Cool?", a cikin mujallar 'Physics Education' na 1969. Ba da dadewa ba sakamakon binciken ya zama sananne da ‘’Mpemba Effect.’’

'Al'amari mai ban sha'awa'

Rahoton mujallar na Mpemba da Dr Osborne ya dau hanakali sosai.

A tsawon shekaru, masana ilimin kimiyya sun yi ta kokarin ganin sun ba da bayanai game da wannan bincike, amma har ya zuwa yanzu ba a kai ga cimma wata matsaya ba.

Erasto Mpemba ya bayyana sakamokon bincikensa a 1963 a lokacin yana makarantar sakandiri. Hoto: Ben Tier

A hirar da TRT Afrika ta yi da wani injiniyan kimiyyar nazarin halittu Vincent Rehumbiza, ya ce "An kammala rahoton bincike Osborne da Mpemba na COOL, tare da bude kofa ga wasu karin masu bincike".

"Idan ana son samun ilimin kimiyya cikakke, to sakamakon binciken Mpemba shi ne babban misali domin yana karfafa binciken kwa-kwaf na kimiyya," in ji Rehumbiza.

A cewar Ehumbiza, “irin wannan bincike mai sarkarkiya yana sa a yi tunani mai zurfi hakan ya sa sakamokon ya fita daban.”

A shekaru da dama hikimar binciken Mpemba ta dau hankalin masana kimiyya da sauran jama'a tare da bai wa masu sha'awar ilimin kimiyya damar gudanar da gwaje-gwaje iri daban-daban don gano wasu abubuwa da za su kara wa sakamokon da ya samu.

A shekarar 2012, kungiyar bincike ta “Royal Society of Chemistry” ta shirya wata gasa da ta jawo sama da mutum 22,000 da suka bukaci a ba su damar su gwada tasu basirar wajen warware sakamokon binciken.

Ko da yake dai ba a samu wata matsaya da ta ba da tabbaci a karshe ba, taron ya kuma jaddada bukatar a ci gaba da gudanar da bincike kan sakamokon da Mpemba ya samar.

Gwani a fannin ilimin kimiyya

Wani abin ban sha'awa shi ne, yayin da Mpemba ya ba da tasa gudumamar a fannin kimiyya, yana kuma aiki a wasu fannonin.

"Ya kasance masani a fannin tsirai kumma babban jami'in kula da namun daji, amma har yanzu muna sane da kuma tunawa da shi," in ji Rehumbiza.

Amma ya yi imanin cewa ana bukatar karin wasu ayyuka da tallafi da karfafawa don haskaka masana kimiyyar Afirka kamar marigayi Mpemba a sahun gaba saboda irin gudunmowar da suke bayarwa.

Ya kasance “gwani” ga wadanda ke fannin ilimin kimiyya da suka saba jin sunayen 'yan kasashen yamma kamar Einstein Newton.

Sakamokon binciken Mpemba ya dau hankalin masana ilimin kimiyya da dama. Hoto: Ben Tier

Bai kamata ana ware 'yan Afirka kamar Mpmeba daga cikin wadanda suka ba da gudunmowa a fannin ilimin kimiyya ba, in ji Rehumbiza.

"Me ya sa ba za a ba wa wani layi ko unguwa sunansa ba a matsayin nuna godiya da Afirka ta yi da gudumowar da ya bayar?" Tambayar da injiniyan nazarin halittun ya yi kenan.

"Ba a bayyana sakamakon binciken Mpemba ba a cikin littattafan ilimin kimiyya na makarantun firamare da sakandarenmu ba?

"A makarantar sakandare na san labarin kakana, kuma ko a lokacin malamanmu ba su yi wani karin haske ba game da irin girman da abun ya yi ba," in ji Wilman Haonga, jika ga Mpemba.

Akwai bukatar a "samar da 'yan Afirka wadanda za su iya koyar da abun da ya yi a makarantu," in ji Haonga ga TRT Afrika.

An ware Mpemba daga sauran masu ilimin binciken kimiyya tare da takaita labarinsa, kuma ana yawan yi masa dariya a lokacin karatunsa saboda kwakkwafinsa da kuma jajircewarsa a binciken kimiyya.

Maganar gaskiya ita ce har yanzu masana suna kan zuba jari wajen yin bincike kan sakamakon ‘Mpemba Effect’ hakan na nufin bincikensa na da muhimmanci sosai a duniyar kimiyya da kuma fata a gaba duk da cewa Mpemba ba ya nan.

Mpemba ya yi amanna kan cewa a kara kwazo. A wani jawabi da ya gudanar a Tanzaniya a shekarar 2012, ya ce “ku dage, ku kara azama, za mu samu nasara!"

TRT Afrika