Hasashen da ake yi na samun sauyin yanayi a ƙasashe waɗanda ke kokarin daidaita ci gabansu da kunma abubuwan da suka saka a gaba dangane da kiyaye muhallinsu ya jawo abin da duniya a halin yanzu ke kira "carbon market".
Kamar yadda shirin UNDP na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ya bayyana, shirin carbon markets shiri ne na hada-hadar rage illar hayaki mai gurbata muhalli inda ake saye da sayar da lamuni kan hayakin.
"Kamfanoni ko kuma mutane kan iya amfani da kasuwar domin biyan diyya dangane da hayaƙi mai gurɓata muhallin da suke fitarwa ta hanyar sayen lamuni daga kamfanonin da ke ragewa ko kuma kawar da hayaƙi mai gurɓata muhalli," kamar yadda shafin intanet na UNDP ya yi bayani.
A taron COP28 na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya wanda aka gudanar a Dubai, an sanar da karin yarjejeniyoyi dangane da kasuwar ta carbon a Afirka, inda ake sa ran samun karin dala biliyan 6 zuwa 2030.
Za a yi hakan ne ta hanyar biyan diyya ga kamfanonin da ke ƙoƙarin rage fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli ta hanyar ba da gudummawar ayyukan rage gurɓata muhalli wadanda suka hada da kiyaye dazuka.
Tun bayan kaddamar da shirin a COP27 a Masar, an cimma wasu sabbin yarjejeniyoyin daidaitawa da kasashen Laberiya da Zimbabwe da kuma Kenya.
Giant carbon sink
Aikin Arewacin Kenya Rangelands Carbon Project, wanda aka fara a Kenya a cikin 2012, an yaba da shi a matsayin shirin kawar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli mafi girma a duniya.
A halin yanzu ana gudanar da ayyukan kiyaye al'umma 14, wanda ya kai kadada miliyan 4.7 a duk faɗin Marsabit, Isiolo, Laikipia da Samburu.
Makiyayan da ke cikin aikin suna amfani da dabaru masu ɗorewa kamarsauya wuraren kiwo, wanda ke ba da damar ciyayi su sake tsirowa, wadanda suke tattara hayaki mai gurbata muhalli da kuma adana shi.
"Ta hanyar maido da sama da kadada miliyan biyu cikin yanayi na ciyayi daga yanayi mai bushewa, aikin Carbon na Arewacin Kenya yana shirin kamawa da adana tan miliyan 50 na sinadarin carbon dioxide, "in ji shafin na intanet.
Wannan ya zo daidai da hayakin da ake fitarwa a duk shekara na motoci sama da miliyan goma, kamar yadda shirin Northern Rangelands Trust ya bayyana. Wannan tan biliyan 50 ɗin ana sa ran samunsu cikin shekara 30 inda kuma ake sa ran za su samar da biliyoyin daloli domin al'ummomin da ke zaunea a wuraren.
'Gurɓata muhalli'
Ayyuka kamar aikin NRT na rage gurɓata muhalli suna shan caccaka duk da nasarar da suka samu, tare da wasu masu sukar suna kiransa wani nau'i na "gurɓata muhalli".
Suna ganin cewa wata sabuwar hanya ta biyan kuɗi domin kiyaye muhalli ita ce kama waɗanda suka yi ɓarna da laifu.
Nahiyar Afirka tana da ƙarancin iskar carbon dioxide da sauran hayaki mai gurbata muhalli da ke toshe zafi daga tserewa zuwa sararin samaniya, da ɗumamar duniya da kuma ƙara yanayin zafi a duniya.
Wani rahoto da Survival International, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da ke taimaka wa al’ummar kabilun su yi amfani da ‘yancinsu na rayuwa da kuma cin gashin kansu, ya bayyana cewa, an gano aikin Carbon Rangelands na Arewacin Kenya yana sauya salon kiwo na asali da kuma kawo barazana ga lafiyar mutane.
Rahoton ya kuma bayyana cewa, aikin bai samu “amincewa ba da umarni” na al’ummomin da abin ya shafa, kamar su Samburu, Rendille da Borana, wadanda dukkansu sun dogara ne da filayen kiwon dabbobinsu.
Sai dai NRT ta yi watsi da rahoton na Survival International a matsayin kuskure, tana mai cewa an gudanar da babban tsari amincewa a cikin harsunan gida. Hukumar ta ci gaba da cewa, a cikin shekaru uku na farko, kashi 60% na kudaden shigar aikin za su shiga cikin ayyukan ci gaban al’umma.
"Development of a carbon project is an expensive affair that requires close monitoring for it to remain viable," climate change scientist George Mwaniki tells TRT Afrika.
He is also sceptical about a proposal by the Kenyan government to amend the Climate Change Act.
The proposal is for communities to sign community development agreements with project developers and get 40% of the revenue from land-based projects and 25% for the rest.
Tallafin ci gaba
"Haɓaka aikin carbon al'amari ne mai tsada wanda ke buƙatar sa ido sosai don ya kasance mai ƙarfi," kamar yadda masanin kimiyyar sauyin yanayi George Mwaniki ya shaida wa TRT Afrika.
Ya kuma nuna shakku kan shawarar da gwamnatin Kenya ta gabatar na yin kwaskwarima ga dokar sauyin yanayi.
Shawarar ita ce al'ummomi su sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin ci gaban al'umma tare da masu haɓaka ayyukan kuma su samu kashi 40% na kudaden shiga daga ayyukan ƙasa da kashi 25% na sauran.
A watan Oktoba kamfanin Blue Carbon ya ce ya kulla yarjejeniya kan ayyukan da suka shafi miliyoyin kadada na kasar Kenya, inda shugaban kasar William Ruto ya bayyana adadin hayaki mai gurbata muhalli a matsayin "babban abin da kasar ke fitarwa zuwa kasashen waje".
Yarjejeniyar ta Kenya ta biyo bayan wata yarjejeniyar ba da tallafi na dala biliyan 1.5 da Zimbabwe. Blue Carbon na shirin tallafa wa ayyukan yaki da sare dazuzzuka da lalata gandun daji a fadin eka miliyan 18.5, kusan kashi biyar na kasar.
Sai dai masu fafutuka sun ce killace irin wadannan filaye masu yawa na iya yin tasiri sosai ga mutanen da ke zaune a wurin, lamarin da zai iya gurgunta 'yancinsu na amfani da filayen.
Buƙatar yin abubuwa a bayyane
Domin tabbatar da cewa irin wadannan ayyukan ƙasashen da suka yi su sun amfana da su, sai UNDP ta ƙaddamar da wani shiri a taron COP28 na ƙara tsaurara matakai.
"Idan kasuwannin carbon za su yi aiki yadda ya kamata, ba wai kawai za su iya zama wani abu da zai taimaka wa waɗanda ke ƙoƙarin kawar da hayaƙin carbon ɗin su ba. Dole ne ya zama wata kadara ta ci gaba wadda za ta amfani ƙasashe masu tasowa," in ji shugaban gudanarwar UNDP Achim Steiner.
Masu suka dai na ganin cewa ya kamata a ba da fifiko wajen kare hakkin filaye musamman na ‘yan asalin kasar. Wannan zai haifar da kyakkyawan sakamako a cikin adana dazuzzuka da sauran halittu masu adana carbon.
