Daga Sylvia Chebet
Yayin da shuwagabannin duniya da ƙwararru kan kimiyyar yanayi da masu fafutukan za su taru a birnin Baku, Azerbaijan, don taron ƙoli na COP29, al'ummar duniya suna zura ido don bibiyar taron da ake wa kallon muhimmi ga makomar duniya.
Sai dai kalamai masu alaƙa da yanayi suna da rikitarwa ga mutane da yawa a faɗn duniya.
Idan ka gwama harshen kimiyyar yanayi da siyasa a tattaunawar kan yarjejeniyar duniya, za ka ƙare da murɗaɗɗen jerin kalmomi masu alaƙa.
Ga wani jerin kalomomin da ma'anonin wasu kalmomin da suka shafi yanayi.
Ga kalmomi 25 da aka fi jin su:
1. Ɗabi'antuwa: Wannan shi ne aikin shiryawa da gyattawa don fuskantar tasirin sauyin yanayi. Yana da alaka da walwala, lafiya da da inganta tsarin ruwa da abinci, da matakan juriya, da dabara ankararwa da wuri da shiryawa ibtila'i.
2. Sawun amfani da carbon: Wannan shi ne jimillar adadin gas ɗin greenhouse da ake fitarwa zuwa cikin sararin duniya duk shekara da mutum, ko iyali, ko giniko ƙungiya ko kamfani suka yi. Sawun amfani da carbon mutum guda ya ƙunshi gas ɗin greenhouse da aka fitar daga amfani da mai da mutum ya ƙona kai-tsaye— ta hanyar tuƙi, amfani da lantarki da gas a gida— da a kaikaice ta hanyar amfani da kayayyakin rayuwa.
3. Mazirarar carbon: Wannan na nufin kowane abu da ke shanye iskar carbon dioxide dada sararin duniya sama da yandda yake fitarwai. Dazuka, turɓaya, da teku suna cikin abubuwan da suka fi shanye carbon a duniya. Saɓanin haka, tushen carbon shi ne kowane abu da ke fitar da yawan carbon zuwa sararin duniya sama yadda yake shanyewa. Cigaba da dogara da man ƙarƙashin ƙasa a matsayi makamashi, na nufin biliyoyin tan na carbon ake fitarwa cikin sararin duniya duk shekara.
4. Sauyin yanayi: Sauyin yanayi yana nufin duk wani babban sauyi a ma'aunin yanayi, wanda ke daɗewa tsawon lokaci. Wannan ya haɗa da manyan sauye-sauye a ma'aunin zafi, zubar sama, ko fasalin tasowar iska cikin gomman shekaru.
4. Samar da kuɗi kan yanayi: Wannan na nufin kuɗin kawarwa da ɗabiantarwa, da kuma kuɗin da aka yi asara ko ta'adi. Ƙasashe masu arziƙi — waɗanda a tarihi sun taimaka wajen janyo sauyin yanayi — suna da alhaki ƙarƙashin yarjeniyoyin duniya, na su shiga gaba wajen biyan kuɗaɗen kashwa kan sauyin yanayi. Tsarin "wanda ya guɓata ya biya" yana cewa waɗanda ke da alhakin haifar da sauyin yanayi su ya kamata su biya kuɗin matakan. Ƙasashen da suka cigaba sun amince a 2009 za su samar da dala biliyan $100 a shekara kan sauyin yanayi ga ƙasashe masu tasowa zuwa 2020. Amma har yanzu ba a cika wannan alwashi ba.
5. Damar fitar da: Suna aiki kamar tikitin izini na fitar da hayaƙi. Idan kamfani ya sayi damar fitar da carbon (yawanci daga gwamnati), zai samu izinin samar da tan guda na hayaƙin carbon. Ta amfani da damar fitar da carbon, kuɗn shiga na carbon yana gudana daga kamfanoni zuwa masu saka ido. A ɓangare guda, carbon offsets, yana ba da damar kuɗn shiga ya tafi a zaye tsakanin kamfanoni. Idan kamfani ya cire kaso guda na carbon daga sararin duniya a yayin ayyukansa, zai iya samar da carbon offset. Sauran kamfanoni za su iya sayan carbon offset don rage sawun fitar da carbon ɗinsu. Kasuwar carbon tana ba da damar masu saka jari da manyan kamfanoni su yi cinikayyar carbon credits da carbon offsets a tare.
6. Conference of the Parties (COP): Cibiyar ƙoli a United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) ta MDD, wanda ya haɗa ƙasashe 198 da suka amince da Yarjejeniyar. An kafa ta a 1992 don tunkarar sauyin yanayi da ɗan adam ya haifar, taron farko na COP ya faru a Berlin, Jamus a 1995. An amince da ita a yarjejeniyar Kyoto Protocol lokacin COP3 a Japan cikin Disambar 1997 don rage fitar da carbon dioxide. Yarjejeniyar Paris Agreement da aka amince da ita a Faransa lokacin taron COP21 tana da aniyar kula da ƙaruwar zafin duniya zuwa ƙasa a 2°C.
7. CVF: Climate Vulnerable Forum wani taro ne na ƙoli "dandalin haɗin-kai" da ke haɗa shugabannin ƙasashe daga ƙasashe da suka fi cutuwa daga sauyin yanayi. Wata sabuwar ƙungiya ce da aka kafa a 2009.
8. Masu cigaba da masu tasowa: Taron MDD kan yanayi (UNFCCC) yana bin dokokin da aka tsara a 1992 inda aka karkasa ƙasashe zuwa "masu cigaba" ko "masu tasowa." Laƙabobin suna da manufar fayyace alhaki da ƙarfin saka kuɗi kan ayyukan yanayi, da wanda ke buƙatar taimako. Ƙasashe Masu Ƙarancin Cigaba suna da ƙarancin manunan cigaban tattalin arziƙi da zamantakewa da albarkatun mutane, da ma raunin tattalin arziƙi, kamar yadda MDD ta fayyace.
9. Emissions: Fitar sinadarai (musamman gas idan ana dangana shi da sauyin yanayi) da ke shiga sararin duniya.
10. Ɗumamar Yanayi: Wannan shi ne ƙaruwar matsakaicin awon zafi a duniya da aka gano ba daɗewa wanda kuma yake ci gaba.
11. Greenhouse Gas (GHG): Duk wani da ke shanye tururin infrared cikin sararin duniya. Iskar greenhouse ta haɗa da carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone, da sauransu. Tasirin methane kan ɗumamawa an ƙiyasta ya kai ninki 25 sama da na carbon dioxide (CO2). yana samuwa ta hanyar ruɓewa juji a wajen tara shara, da tumbin dabbobi, da samarwa da rarraba gas na asali da ɗanyen fetur, samar da kwal.
12. Fossil fuel subsidies (FFS): Masu fafutuka kan yanayi suna son gwamnatoci su rage biliyoyin kuɗ kan tallafi ga masana'antu amfani da man ƙarƙashin ƙasa, sannan maimakon haka a sauya akalar kuɗaɗen don ayyukan yanayi. Vanuatu ta zamo ƙasar farko da ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Fossil Fuel Non-Proliferation Treaty (FFNPT) a Satumban 2022.
13. Hucin zafi: Yana nufin tsawaitaccen lokaci na matsanancin zafi, yawanci haɗe da matsanancin laimar iska.
14. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC): Wannan cibiyar ƙwararru da ke dubawa da haɗa tarin bincike-binciken kimiyya zuwa babbar matattarar da ke fayyace abin da muka sani game da sauyin yanayi. Cibiyar IPCC ta wallafa "special reports (SRs)" kan jigogi daban-daban.
15. Asara da lahani: Wannan na nufin tasiri bala'o'i da sauyin yanayi ya haifar. Taron COP27 na Dubai ya samu nasarar yarjejeniyar ƙirƙirar asusun asara da lahani. An amince da asusun a taron COP28 da aka yi a Alƙahira, a Masar. Ana kiran sa Fund for Responding to Loss and Damage (FRLD).
16. Rage tasiri: Yana nufin matakan rage fitar da gas ɗin greenhouse (GHG) a ke haifar da ɗumamar yanayi. Masu fafutuka suna burin ganin yarjejeniya kan ƙauracewa amfani da man ƙarƙashin ƙasa, inda duniya ta sai ta bayyanannen jadawalin kawo ƙarshen amfani da kwal, mai, da gas.
17. New Collective Quantified Goal on climate finance (NCQG): Wannan shiri, wanda aka cimma ƙarkashin Yarjejeniyar Paris Agreement, don cimma matsaya kan mafi yawan kuɗaɗen fuskantar sauyin yanayi da aka tsara cimmawa a 2024, idan an kwatanta da burin na baya da ya kai dala biliyan $100 duk shekara zuwa 2020.
18. Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs): Suna fayyace ayyukan kowace ƙasa wajen rage fitar da hayaƙi don dacewa da duniya mai ɗumama. NDCs su ne shirin ƙasa don yaƙi da sauyin yanayi.
19. World Meteorological Organization (WMO): Hukumar Majalisar Ɗinkin DUniya ce da take taimakawa cibiyoyin ƙasa da na yanki da ke kula da yanayi, ta hanyar bincike da kafa ƙa'idoji don bibiyar tsanantar yanayi. Kuma tana nazartar tafiyar yanayi. Kwanan nan ta faɗi cewa 2024 za ta zamo shekarar da ta fi zafi a tarihi, sannan shekarun 2015-2024 za su zamo mafi zafi.
20. Manyan birane: Waɗannan su ne birane da ke da al'umma da suka wuce mutane miliyan 10.
21. Ozone: Wannan shi ne iskar gas da ta cika sararin saman duniya wanda ya ginu ta hanyar alaƙa da hasken rana da sinadarin molecular oxygen (O2).
22. Shigifar ozone: Wannan yana nufin shigifar ozone da ta fara daga kusan kilomita 15 a saman duniya, sannan ya sirance zuwa ɗan ƙanƙanin adadi zuwa wajen kilomita 50. Shigifar tana kare duniya daga cutarwar hasken rana.
23. Makamshi: Yana nufin albarkatun makamashi a al'ada suke tofowa kamar samar wuta da ruwan kogi, da amfani da gas, da hasken rana, da sauransu.
24. Juriya: Ƙarfin ganowa, da shiryawa, da ɗaukar mataki kan, da kuma farfaɗowa daga mummunar barazana ta hanyar taƙaita lahani kan walwalar zamantakewa, da tattalin arziƙi, da muhalli.
25. Rauni: Wannan shi ne gwargwado yadda tsari yake cikin haɗarin, ko gazawar wajen dacewa da munanan tasirin sauyin yanayi.
