Daga Brian Okoth
Asusun ba da Lamuni na Duniya, IMF yana fuskantar zarge-zarge cewa yana ɗora matsanantan sharuɗɗa kan ƙasashe masu tasowa – yawancinsu a Afirka – kafin ba su bashi.
An ce waɗannan sharuɗɗa suna haifar da tarin matsaloli kan ƙasashe masu cin bashin, ciki har da katsalandan kan tsarin shugabancin ƙasashen, da ƙara nutsewa cikin bashi, da janyo samuwar ƙarin al'umma matalauta.
Kenneth Rogoff, wani farfesa ɗan Amurka wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin babban masanin tattalin arziƙi na IMF, ya ce hukumar asusun tana ba da bashi ne ga ƙasashe da ke da "girman kason adadin bashi ida an kwatanta da adadin GDP."
A taƙaice dai, IMF tana ba da bashi ga ƙasashe da da ma suna fama da tulin bashi.
'Babu ɗorewa'
Rogoff ya ba da misali da Ghana, wadda tuni da ma tana da matsalar bashi a 2021, amma IMF ta ba su bashi dala biliyan $1b don neman farfaɗowa daga COVID-19.
A nata lissafin, IMF ta ba da rahoto kan Ghana a watan Yulin 2021, ta ce: "Duk da mun lura cewa akwai matsala ga ƙarfin Ghana na biyan bashi ya yi rauni, daraktocin IMF sun jaddada cewa duk da haka za a yi maneji."
A Mayun 2023, IMF ta ƙara wa Ghana bashin dala biliyan $3b duk da cewa sun bayyana bashin ƙasar a matsayin "mara ɗorewa."
An ba wa Ghana kuɗaɗen bayan da ƙasar ta gaza biyan bashin dala biliyan $30b a watan Disamban 2022.
Matsanantan sharuɗɗa
Amma duk da cewa IMF tana fuskantar zarge-zarge nutsar da ƙasashen cikin bashi, tambayoyi game da matsanantan sharuɗɗa ya ci gaba.
yayin mummunar zanga-zanga ta kwanan nan a Kenya, masu gangamin, yawancinsu matasa, sun zargi IMF kan hannu cikin yunƙurin kafa Dokar Kuɗi ta 2024, wadda za ta ƙara farashin kayan da ake shigowa da su kamar ƙunzugu na mata, da wayoyin hannu da babura.
A ƙudurin dokar, wanda tuni aka yi watsi da shi, Kenya tana neman tara ƙarin Shilling biliyan 346 (dala biliyan $2.7b) na kuɗin-shiga, inda Shugaba William Ruto yake cewa ƙarin kuɗaɗen za su taimaka wa Kenya inganta harkar lafiya, ilimi, noma, da sauransu.
Kenya da IMF suna kan tattaunawa kan yadda za su ba wa sabon bashin ga ƙasar da ke gabashin Afirka.
Suna ya 'ɓaci sosai'
Asusun ya ba da rahoton saka sharuɗɗa, ciki har da ƙarin kuɗn shiga, kafin ba da bashi ga ƙasar.
Macharia Munene, wani farfesa kan nazarin mu'amala ƙasashen duniya a jami'ar International University-Africa a Kenya, ya ce kallon da ake wa IMF a tsakanin Kenya ya samu "tasgaro sosai" sakamakon lamuran da suka faru a kwanakin nan.
"Ya kamata jami'an IMF su sake tunani game da dabarunsu, kuma su rungumi tsarin sauƙaƙawa yayin mu'amala da gwamnatoci, musamman masu tasowa," cewar Munene da yake zantawa da TRT Afrika.
"Yanayin Kenya ya nuna cewa shigar (IMF) harkar shugabanci cikin gida na ƙasashen abu ne da bai samu akrɓuwa ba. Ya kamata su yi ƙoƙarin kaucewa nunawa ƙarara cewa suna ƙaƙaba wasu sharuɗɗa kan gwamnatoci," in ji Munene.
'Neman ta da fitina'
A Yunin 2023, Shugaban Tunisia Kais Saied ya ƙi amincewa da sharuɗɗan IMF kan bashin dala biliyan $2b.
IMF ta nemi Tunisia ta sake fasalin kamfanonin ƙasar sama da 100, da cire tallafi kan abinci da mai.
A Yunin 2023, shugaban ya ce sharuɗɗan IMF tamkar "saka tsinken ashana a kan nakiya" ne.
A Kenya, IMF ta nema a Yulin 2022, ƙasar ta cire tallafi kan masara da mai, wanda gwamnatin Shugaba Uhuru Kenyatta ta gabatar a baya.
Ƙarancin kuɗin-shiga
Lokacin karɓar mulki a Satumban 2022, Shugaba Ruto ya cire tallafi, inda ya ce sun yi wa tattalin arziƙin ƙasara nauyi.
A watan Disamban wannan shekarar, IMF ta amince neman bashin dala miliyan $450m ga Kenya.
IMF ta ce tallafin mai shi ne babban dalilin samuwar hayaƙin carbon mai illata muhalli da janyo ƙarancin kuɗin-shiga.
A rahotonta na Mayun 2019, IMF ta ce idan da babu tallafin mai, hayaƙin carbon da duniya ke fitarwa zai yi ƙasa da kashi 28%, sannan kuɗaɗen haraji ya ƙaru da kashi 3.8% a faɗin duniya.
'Matsalolin fasali'
IMF ta ce sharuɗɗan da take kafawa, ciki har da ƙarin haraji, manufarsu ita ce kawar da "matsalolin fasalin gwamnati da suke iya tarnaƙi ga ɗorewar tattalin arziƙi."
A matsakaicin liassafi, akwai kusan sharuɗɗa 25 kafin IMF ta amince da ba da bashi.
Wani bincike da masu nazari suka yi a jami'ar Cambridge da Oxford, ya nuna cewa tsakanin 1995 zuwa 2014, sharuɗɗan da IMF ta ɗora kan ƙasashen Yammacin Afirka 16 ya janyo gwamnatocin ƙasashen sun rage kasafin kuɗin fannin lafiya.
IMF tana ba da bashi nau'i biyu – tsarin "yarjejeniyar bashi da kuma bashi kai-tsaye." Yarjejeniyar bashi tana buƙatar mai cin bashi ya cika sharuɗɗa kafin samun bashi, shi kuwa bashin kai-tsaye ba ya buƙatar sharuɗɗan cikawa.
Mutane na rayuwa a talauci
A shekarun farko na shekarun 1980s, da yawa daga shugabannin Afirka sun karɓi bashin IMF da na Bankin Duniya. Kuma an sanya musu sharuɗɗa kamar na rage kashe kuɗi kan walwalar jama'a.
Daga bisani, wani rahoton Bankin Duniya, ya nuna cewa mutanen da ke rayuwa kan ƙasa da lada ɗaya kullum a ƙasashen Afirka da ke kudu da Saharan yab ninka daa miliyan 164 zuwa 316 tsakanin 1981 da 2001.
Gundarin kuɗaɗen IMF yana samuwa ne daga ƙasashe mambobinsa 190.
Ana ba wa kowane mamba ƙayyadajjen adadi, wanda shi ne mafi girman adadin kuɗi da za ta iya zubawa bisa la'akari da ajin da IMF ta saka tattalin arziƙin ƙasar. Ƙasashen da suka cigaba suna da yawan kaso.
Ƙarfin ƙuri'a
Ga misali, kason Amurka ya haura 830,000, yayin da Kenya take da 6,900.
Haka nan, iyakar kason suna da fifiko wajen fayyace ƙarfin zaɓe a IMF.
Amurka, Japan, China, Jamus, Faransa, da Burtaniya su suka fi kowa yawan kaso.
IMF kuma tana samun kuɗn shiga daga kuɗn ruwa da take caji kan bashi. A yanzu, asusun yana cajin har sama da kashi 8% na kuɗin ruwa duk shekara.
Kuɗaɗe
Ƙasashe mambobi suna iya zuba ƙarin kuɗaɗe ga IMF ƙarƙashin wata yarjejeniya da ake kira da Sabon Tsarin Cin Bashi, wadda wani tsarin samar da kuɗ ne ga IMF.
Ƙasashen da ke cikin buƙatar bashi suna iya samun kuɗaɗe daga ƙarin kuɗn da suka zuba a ciki. Kuɗn ruwa da aka caja kan ƙasashen da suke cin bashi, ana ƙara shi a kason dukiyar ƙasashen, wanda yake daɗa ƙara kasonsu.
Ƙasashe suna iya biyan bashi ta amfani da gwal. A yau, IMF tana da tan 2,800 na gwal.
Dalar Amurka, da Euro, da Yen na China, da Yen na Japan, da Fan na Burtaniya, su ne kuɗaɗen da IMF ke amfani da shi.
Ƙasashen Afirka da suka fi cin bashin IMF
A halin yanzu, IMF tana da ƙarfin tattalin arziƙi da ya kai dala tiriliyan $1t.
Jimillar adadin da IMF ke bi ya zuwa watan Yunin 2024 shi ne dala biliyan $147b. Daga cikin ƙasashe 94 da IMF ke bi bashi, 48 a Afirka suke.
Masar ce ƙasar da ta fi kowa cin bashin IMF a Afirka, inda take da bashin da ya kai dala biliyan $10.3b. Sauran ƙasashen Afirka da bashinsu ya haura dala biliyan $2b su ne Angola, Ghana, Kenya da Ivory Coast.
Sauran ƙasashen da ke da bashin sama da biliyan $1b su ne Nijeriya, Kamaru, Congo DRC, Maroko, Senegal da Afrika ta Kudu.
