Two new studies documenting the effect of police violence on Black Americans' health reveal palpable psychological and physical impact.
In one study, researchers found sleep disturbances among Black people — but not among white people — in the six months following a police-involved killing.
In the other study, researchers analyzed data on injuries involving police use of weapons such as Tasers. Nearly 36% of those injuries were among Black people, far above their share of the U.S. population.
Both research papers appear in JAMA Internal Medicine published on Monday.
The health effects of police violence on Black people “need to be documented as a critical first step to reduce these harms,” three editors of JAMA Internal Medicine wrote in an editorial published alongside the studies.
For the sleep study, researchers looked at responses from more than 2 million people from 2013 through 2019 in two large government surveys.
Impact on sleep
They focused on people's reports of sleep in the months following police-involved killings of unarmed Black people.
They found a pattern of sleep disturbances, particularly getting less than six hours of sleep, in Black people — but not among white people — in the six months following a police-involved killing.
For the years studied, police-involved killings of unarmed Black people totaled 331 in the database used by the researchers: Mapping Police Violence, a project using Justice Department statistics and crowdsourced databases.
The killings included cases that gained national attention such as the deaths of Eric Garner and Tamir Rice, as well as others less widely known.
Early death risk
For more prominent police-involved deaths, there was a 11.4% increase in reporting very short sleep compared with the average for all Black survey respondents.
For deaths, whether prominent or not, that happened in the same state as the survey respondent, the effect was a 6.5% increase.
The researchers however reckon that this type of study cannot prove cause and effect.
They made adjustments for age, sex, education and other factors that might account for differences and still found the pattern of more sleep disturbance reports from Black people after police-involved deaths.
“Discrimination can manifest in all sorts of ways, one of which is unequal exposure to police use of force,” Dr. Atheendar Venkataramani of the University of Pennsylvania, who led the study said.
Poor sleep can raise "the lifetime risk of a number of diseases, as well as the risk of early death."
Brutal force on blacks
The second study found racial disparities in injuries that occurred when Tasers and similar weapons were used by police to incapacitate people.
It's the first comprehensive national analysis of such injuries using emergency department data.
The study was possible because of a new medical code, added in late 2019, denoting law enforcement-related use of Tasers and similar weapons.
Researchers analyzed data on 1,276 emergency department visits from October 2019 through December 2020 where an injury coincided with police use of such “conducted energy” devices.
Nearly 36% of those injured were Black, far above their 13.6% share of the general U.S. population.
White people made up 39% of the injured, Hispanic people 17.6%, Native Americans 2% and Asian or Pacific Islander people 1.4%.
Nature of injuries
The injuries included puncture wounds, concussions, fractures and traumatic brain injuries.
The devices are known to cause falls, but the researchers couldn't pin down if police used the weapons incorrectly or the exact role of the weapons in the injuries.
“It’s really important to make sure that law enforcement officers get the proper training on how to deploy these things and minimize the risk of long-term injury,” study co-author Kevin Griffith of Vanderbilt University said.
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